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         >> B. Khmelnytskyi.
BOHDAN (Zinoviy) MYKHAYLOVYCH KHMELNYTSKYI (born c. 1595, Chigirin (Ukraine) – died Aug. 6 [16, New Style] 1657, Chigirin). He was leader (1648 – 1657) of the Zaporozhian Cossacks who organized a rebellion against Polish rule in Ukraine that ultimately led to the transfer of the Ukrainian lands east of the Dnieper River from Polish to Russian control.
Although he had been educated in Poland and had served with Polish military forces against the Turks, Khmelnytskyi, who had become chief of the Cossacks at Czyhryn, quarreled with the Polish governor of that region and was forced to flee (December 1647) to the fortress of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, a semimilitary community that had developed from runaway serfs, bandits, and traders who had settled along the Dnieper River. He then organized a rebellion among the Zaporozhian Cossacks and, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, marched against the Poles in April 1648. His victorious advance won him additional support from the dissatisfied peasants, townspeople, and clergy of Ukraine, who joined him in a mass uprising that enabled him to enter Poland proper and seize Lwów (now Lviv) in October 1648.
After winning more victories in 1649, Khmelnytskyi made peace with the new Polish king John Casimir, concluding the Compact of Zborów (Aug. 18, 1649); its terms permitted him to establish a virtually independent Cossack principality in Ukraine. The treaty satisfied neither the Polish gentry nor Khmelnytskyi's followers, many of whom remained subject to Polish landlords; therefore, he renewed the war in the spring of 1651 but was defeated at the Battle of Beresteczko in June and was compelled to accept a new, less advantageous treaty. He then sought aid from Moscow against Poland and in 1654 directed his Cossacks to take an oath of allegiance to Alexis, the tsar of Russia (see Pereyaslav Agreement).
The Russians subsequently invaded Poland, but Khmelnytskyi, not content with his pact with Alexis, entered into secret negotiations with Sweden, which was also at war with Poland. He was about to conclude a treaty with the Swedes, placing the Cossacks under Swedish rule, when he died.
Khmelnytskyi sought autonomy for his Cossack followers but succeeded only in devastating their formerly flourishing Dnieper lands and in subjecting them to the rule of Moscow, which gained control of Ukraine east of the Dnieper and gradually curtailed their liberties.
On July 22 he suffered cerebral hemorrhage, became paralyzed, and died on July 27 1654. His funeral was held on August 23, and his body was taken from his capital Chyhyryn to his estate at Subotiv for burial in his Illinska (St. Elias) Church.

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In Ukraine Khmelnytskyi is generally regarded as a national hero. A city and a region of the country bear his name. There have also been several issues of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky – one of the highest decorations in Ukraine and in the former USSR.
Ukraine has been struck its own money dedicated to B. Khmelnytskyi. There are 5 Hryvnias note (1992, 1994 and 2004), commemorative coins 'B. Khmelnytskyi' 200 000 karbovanets (1995) and 1 000 000 karbovanets (1996), 20 Hryvnias jubilee coin 'The War of Liberation of the Mid – 17th Century' (1998), 10 Hryvnias jubilee coin '350 Years of Perejaslav Cossack Rada of 1654' (2004) and 10 Hryvnias commemorative coin 'Chyhyryn' (2006).

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Material: Paper Denomination: 50 000 Rubles Year: 1995 Description: Face side: To the left – the note issue year and serial number, to the right – the Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. In the center of the note – denomination 50 000 / РУБЛЕЙ (50 000 RUBLES), above the inscription – ПРИДНЕСТРОВЬЕ (TRANS-DNIESTERIA), below – name of bank on three languages – Moldavian, Russian and Ukrainian. Back side: There is a monument of T. Shevchenko in Tiraspol on the ornamented field of the note, on the second plan is Theater of Drama and Comedy. On the right, on a white background, there is inscription ПОДДЕЛКА БИЛЕТОВ / ПРИДНЕСТРОВСКОГО БАНКА / ПРЕСЛЕДУЮЕТСЯ ПО ЗАКОНУ (COUNTERFEITING TRANS-DNIESTER REPUBLICAN BANK NOTES IS AN INDICTABLE CRIME), below – a signature of chairman of bank, in a center is a relief image of denomination in a vignette, below – a denomination in a vignette. The predominant color is deep-brown, in the center of the note – deep-orange. Dimensions: 130 х 62 mm. Serial No АА 4675760. Watermarks: denomination – '50 000'. The note was issued in 1995. It was withdrawn from circulation since 2000. Printed at the Trans-Dniester Republican Bank. Country or town: Trans-Dniester Republic

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